Miniaturized dual-balanced mixer circuit based on a double spiral layout architecture

ABSTRACT

A miniaturized dual-balanced mixer circuit based on a double spiral layout architecture is proposed, which is designed for use to provide a frequency mixing function for millimeter wave (MMW) signals, and which features a downsized circuit layout architecture that allows IC implementation to be more miniaturized than the conventional star-type dual-balanced mixer (DBM). The proposed miniaturized dual-balanced mixer circuit is distinguished from the conventional star-type DBM particularly in the use of a double spiral layout architecture for the layout of two balun circuit units. This feature allows the required layout area to be only about 15% of that of the conventional star-type DBM.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to a miniaturized dual-balanced mixer circuitwhich is fully equivalent in function to a conventional star-typedual-balanced mixer (DBM) for frequency mixing of millimeter wave (MMW)signals, except that the construction of the invention is based on adouble spiral layout architecture that allows its IC implementation tobe more miniaturized than the conventional star-type DBM.

2. Description of Related Art

In communications systems, the mixer is an essential circuit componentwhich receives an input of a carrier signal RF and mixes it with a localoscillation signal LO to thereby produce an intermediate-frequencysignal IF, where IF is either an up-converted frequency or adown-converted frequency, i.e., IF=RF+LO or IF=RF−LO.

In millimeter wave (MMW) communications systems, the dual-balanced mixer(DBM) is a widely utilized frequency mixing circuit. Various types ofDBM circuits have been proposed, including a ring-type and a star-type.The star-type DBM has better performance than the ring-type so that itis more widely utilized in the industry than the ring-type. Thestar-type DBM is so named due to the fact that the layout pattering ofthe microstrip lines used to constitute the mixer circuitry looks like astar.

In practical applications, however, one drawback of the conventionalstar-type DBM is that it is based on a dual-balun circuit architecturewhich is considerably large in size in IC implementation so that it isunsuitable for use in the fabrication of miniaturized IC chips.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is therefore an objective of this invention to provide a miniaturizeddual-balanced mixer circuit which is constructed on a double spirallayout architecture that allows its IC implementation to have a reducedlayout space compared to the conventional star-type DBM for fabricationof miniaturized IC chips.

In architecture, the miniaturized dual-balanced mixer circuit accordingto the invention comprises: (A) a first balun circuit unit; (B) a secondbalun circuit unit; and (C) a frequency-mixing circuit unit.

The miniaturized dual-balanced mixer circuit of the invention isdistinguished from the conventional star-type DBM particularly in thatthe invention utilizes two balun circuit units that are constructed on amultilayer substrate having at least 2 layers for the layout of aplurality of distributed transmission lines in such a manner as to forma dual Marchand balun circuit architecture whose layout pattern is basedon a double spiral topology.

Compared to the conventional star-type DBM, the miniaturizeddual-balanced mixer circuit of the invention is more advantageous to usein that the invention can be implemented in IC fabrication with areduced layout space compared to the conventional star-type DBM owing tothe use of a double spiral layout architecture for the layout of the 2balun circuit units. Specifically speaking, the invention only requiresa layout area of about 15% of that of the conventional star-type DBM.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The invention can be more fully understood by reading the followingdetailed description of the preferred embodiments, with reference madeto the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the I/O functional model of theinvention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the circuit architecture of theinvention;

FIG. 3A is a schematic diagram showing the circuit architecture of afirst balun circuit unit utilized by the invention as a circuitcomponent;

FIG. 3B is a schematic diagram showing the circuit architecture of asecond balun circuit unit utilized by the invention as a circuitcomponent;

FIG. 4A is a schematic diagram showing the equivalent circuit of a firstembodiment of the invention based on a diode-switched type offrequency-mixing circuit unit;

FIG. 4B is a schematic diagram showing the equivalent circuit of asecond embodiment of the invention based on a transistor-switched typeof frequency-mixing circuit unit;

FIG. 5A is a schematic diagram showing a plan view of a double spirallayout architecture utilized by the invention for implementing eachbalun circuit unit;

FIG. 5B is a schematic diagram showing a sectional view of the doublespiral layout architecture shown in FIG. 5A;

FIG. 6A is a graph showing the insertion loss versus RF characteristicsof each balun circuit unit utilized by the invention;

FIG. 6B is a graph showing the phase difference versus RFcharacteristics of each balun circuit unit utilized by the invention;

FIG. 7A is a graph showing the conversion gain versus RF characteristicsof the invention; and

FIG. 7B is a graph showing the LO-to-RF and IF-to-RF isolation versus RFcharacteristics of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The miniaturized dual-balanced mixer circuit based on a double spirallayout architecture according to the invention is disclosed in fulldetails by way of preferred embodiments in the following with referenceto the accompanying drawings.

FUNCTION OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 1 shows the I/O (input/output) functional model of the miniaturizeddual-balanced mixer circuit of the invention 10. As shown, theminiaturized dual-balanced mixer circuit of the invention 10 is used forprocessing an input of a high-frequency signal, such as amillimeter-wave (MMW) carrier signal RF, by mixing it with a localoscillation signal LO to thereby produce an intermediate-frequencysignal IF, where IF is either a down-converted frequency, i.e.,IF=RF−LO, or an up-converted frequency, i.e., IF=RF+LO. This I/Orelationship is the same as conventional types of mixers.

ARCHITECTURE OF THE INVENTION

Referring further to FIG. 2, in architecture, the miniaturizeddual-balanced mixer circuit of the invention 10 comprises: (A) a firstbalun circuit unit 100; (B) a second balun circuit unit 200; and (C) afrequency-mixing circuit unit 300. Firstly, the respective attributesand functions of these constituent circuit components of the inventionare described in details in the following.

(A) First Balun Circuit Unit 100

The first balun circuit unit 100 has an I/O interface including oneinput port LO and four output ports: a first output port LO1(+), asecond output port LO1(−), a third output port LO2(+), and a fourthoutput port LO2(−). In operation, the input port LO is used forreception of the local oscillation signal LO while the four output portsare used respectively for outputting four balance-to-unbalancetransformed signals [LO1(+), LO1(−), LO2(+), LO2(−)], where the firstpair of output signals [LO1(+), LO1(−)] are a pair of differentialsignals with a phase difference of 180 degrees, while the second pair ofoutput signals [LO2(+), LO2(−)] are also a pair of differential signalswith a phase difference of 180 degrees.

In practice, the first balun circuit unit 100 is based on a circuitarchitecture shown in FIG. 3A which includes 6 distributed transmissionlines, including a first transmission line 121, a second transmissionline 122, a third transmission line 123, a fourth transmission line 124,a fifth transmission line 125, and a sixth transmission line 126. Thesetransmission lines (121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126) are each implementedwith a quarter-wavelength (i/4) microstrip line, and which are arrangedto constitute a dual Marchand balun circuit architecture whoseequivalent circuit is shown in FIG. 4A. Since the dual Marchand baluncircuit architecture is a well-known circuit technology in the field andindustry of electronics, detailed description thereof will not be givenin this specification

It is an important aspect of the invention that in IC realization thefirst balun circuit unit 100 is implemented with a double spiral layoutarchitecture shown in FIGS. 5A-5B. As shown, this double spiral layoutarchitecture is based on a multilayer substrate 110 (which is forexample a 2-layer substrate in this embodiment) for layout of the sixtransmission lines (121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126). As illustrated inFIG. 5B, the multilayer substrate 110 includes at least 2 circuit layoutplanes: a first circuit layout plane 111 and a second circuit layoutplane 112, and further includes a grounding plane 113. In practice, forexample, the multilayer substrate 110 can be implemented with acommercially-standardized double-layer GaAs substrate specifically usedfor 0.15 μm (micrometer) pHEMT (pseudomorphic HEMT, where HEMT=HighElectron Mobility Transistor) fabrication processes.

As illustrated in FIG. 5A, on the multilayer substrate 110, the firstcircuit layout plane 111 is used for the layout of the threetransmission lines (121, 123, 125) which are patterned in a spiraltopology; and in a similar manner, the second circuit layout plane 112is used for the layout of the other three transmission lines (122, 124,126) which are also patterned in the same spiral topology. In otherwords, the first balun circuit unit 100 is constructed on a doublespiral layout architecture.

On the first circuit layout plane 111, the third transmission line 123is formed with 5 continuous straight segments patterned in a spiralshape, and which has a first terminal 123 a connected by way of abridging line to the input port of the local oscillation signal LO and asecond terminal 123 b connected to the fourth transmission line 124 onthe second circuit layout plane 112. The first transmission line 121 isformed with 3 continuous straight segments patterned in a spiral mannerinto a U-like shape, and which has a first terminal 121 a connected tothe output port of the transformed signal LO1(+) and a second terminal121 b connected to a grounding via 131. Further, the fifth transmissionline 125 is also formed with 3 continuous straight segments patternedalso in a spiral manner into a U-like shape, and which has a firstterminal 125 a connected to the output port of the transformed signalLO2(+) and a second terminal 125 b connected by way of a bridging lineto a grounding via 132.

In the foregoing double spiral layout architecture, the firsttransmission line 121 and the fifth transmission line 125 are each aquarter-wavelength (λ/4) microstrip line, whereas the third transmissionline 123 can have a length slightly longer than quarter-wavelength(λ/4). These three transmission lines (121, 123, 125) each has a linewidth W and a gap distance S. The first transmission line 121 and thefifth transmission line 125 extend on both sides along the thirdtransmission line 123 to form a dual Marchand balun circuitarchitecture.

Similarly, on the second circuit layout plane 112, the other 3transmission lines (122, 124, 126) are laid in the same double spiralpattern as the forgoing 3 transmission lines (121, 123, 125), so thatdetails thereof will not be repeatedly described herein.

(B) Second Balun Circuit Unit 200

The second balun circuit unit 200 is based on a circuit architectureshown in FIG. 3B, which is entirely identical to the circuitarchitecture of the first balun circuit unit 100 shown in FIG. 3A anddescribed above. The second balun circuit unit 200 also has an I/Ointerface including one input port RF and four output ports: a firstoutput port RF1(+), a second output port RF1(−), a third output portRF2(+), and a fourth output port RF2(−). In operation, the input port RFis used for reception of the carrier signal RF and the four output portsare used respectively for outputting four balance-to-unbalancetransformed signals [RF1(+), RF1(−), RF2(+), RF2(−)], where the firstpair of output signals [RF1(+), RF1(−)] are a pair of differentialsignals with a phase difference of 180 degrees, while the second pair ofsignals [RF2(+), RF2(−)] are also a pair of differential output signalswith a phase difference of 180 degrees.

In circuit architecture, the second balun circuit unit 200 shown in FIG.3B is also composed of 6 distributed transmission lines, including afirst transmission line 221, a second transmission line 222, a thirdtransmission line 223, a fourth transmission line 224, a fifthtransmission line 225, and a sixth transmission line 226.

In IC implementation, these six transmission lines (221, 222, 223, 224,225, 226) of the second balun circuit unit 200 are also constructed onthe double spiral layout architecture shown in FIGS. 5A-5B. Since thissecond balun circuit unit 200 is entirely identical in architecture,function, and layout as the first balun circuit unit 100 describedabove, description thereof will not be repeated here.

(C) Frequency-Mixing Circuit Unit 300

The frequency-mixing circuit unit 300 is used to process the outputsignals [LO1(+), LO1(−), LO2(+), LO2(−)] and [RF1(+), RF1(−), RF2(+),RF2(−)] generated by the first balun circuit unit 100 and the secondbalun circuit unit 200 to thereby generate an intermediate-frequencysignal IF.

In practice, the frequency-mixing circuit unit 300 can be realized inthe following two embodiments: (C1) a diode-switched circuitarchitecture shown in FIG. 4A; and (C2) a transistor-switched circuitarchitecture shown in FIG. 4B.

(C1) Diode-Switched Type of Frequency-Mixing Circuit Unit 300

As shown in FIG. 4A, the first embodiment of the frequency-mixingcircuit unit 300 is based on a diode-switched circuit architecture whichis composed of 4 diodes arranged in a particular manner that allows thegeneration of the intermediate-frequency signal IF in response to[LO1(+), LO1(−), LO2(+), LO2(−)] and [RF1(+), RF1(−), RF2(+), RF2(−)].This diode-switched circuit architecture is based on a conventionalcircuit arrangement used in conventional star-type DBM circuitry, sothat detailed description thereof will not be given in thisspecification.

(C2) Transistor-Switched Type of Frequency-Mixing Circuit Unit 300

As shown in FIG. 4B, the second embodiment of the frequency-mixingcircuit unit 300 is based on a transistor-switched circuit architecturewhich is composed of 4 transistor-based circuit modules (each includinga transistor, a resistor, and a capacitor) that are arranged in aparticular manner to allow the generation of the intermediate-frequencysignal IF in response to [LO1(+), LO1(−), LO2(+), LO2(−)] and [RF1(+),RF1(−), RF2(+), RF2(−)]. This transistor-switched circuit architectureis also based on a conventional circuit arrangement used in conventionalstar-type DBM circuitry, so that detailed description thereof will notbe given in this specification.

OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 6A is a graph showing the insertion loss versus RF characteristicsof each of the two balun circuit units (100, 200) resulted from bothcircuit simulation and actual testing. It can be seen from this graphthat in the frequency range from 25 GHz to 58 GHz, the simulation resultshows an insertion loss of about 8 dB, while the actual testing shows aninsertion loss of about 8 dB to 10 dB. Moreover, the simulation resultshows an amplitude difference of from 1 dB, while the actual testingshows an amplitude difference of 2 dB.

Further, FIG. 6B is a graph showing the phase difference versus RFcharacteristics of each of the two balun circuit units (100, 200)resulted from both circuit simulation and actual testing. It can be seenfrom this graph that in the frequency range from 20 GHz to 55 GHz, thesimulation result shows an output signal phase difference of from −178°to −187°, while the actual testing shows an output signal phasedifference of from −179° to −192°, which indicates that the outputsignal phase difference is about 180°±10°.

FIG. 7A is a graph showing the conversion gain versus RF characteristicsof the miniaturized dual-balanced mixer circuit of the invention 10. Itcan be seen from this graph that the miniaturized dual-balanced mixercircuit of the invention 10 is capable of providing a conversion loss offrom −7 dB to −12 dB.

FIG. 7B is a graph showing the LO-to-RF and LO-to-IF isolation versus RFcharacteristics of the miniaturized dual-balanced mixer circuit of theinvention 10. It can be seen from this graph that the miniaturizeddual-balanced mixer circuit of the invention 10 is capable of providinga level of LO-to-RF and LO-to-IF isolation greater than 20 dB.

ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION

Compared to the conventional star-type DBM, the miniaturizeddual-balanced mixer circuit of the invention 10 is more advantageous touse in that the invention requires a smaller layout space in ICimplementation owing to the use of a double spiral layout architecturefor the layout of the 2 balun circuit units (100, 200). Specificallyspeaking, the conventional star-type DBM requires a layout area of aboutthe square of (λ/2), whereas the invention only requires a layout areaof about the square of (λ/7), i.e., only about 15% of the layout area ofthe conventional star-type DBM. The invention is therefore moreadvantageous to use than the prior art.

The invention has been described using exemplary preferred embodiments.However, it is to be understood that the scope of the invention is notlimited to the disclosed embodiments. On the contrary, it is intended tocover various modifications and functional equivalent arrangements. Thescope of the claims, therefore, should be accorded the broadestinterpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and functionalequivalent arrangements.

1. A miniaturized dual-balanced mixer circuit of the type having a firstinput port for receiving a first input signal, a second input port forreceiving a second input signal, and an output port for outputting anintermediate-frequency signal which is a mixed version of the firstinput signal and the second input signal; the miniaturized dual-balancedmixer circuit comprising: a first balun circuit unit, which has asingle-port input interface and a four-port output interface, wherein hesingle-port input interface is connected to the first input port forreceiving the first input signal, while the four-port output interfaceis used for outputting four balance-to-unbalance transformed signals; asecond balun circuit unit, which has a single-port input interface and afour-port output interface, wherein the single-port input interface isconnected to the second input port for receiving the second inputsignal, while the four-port output interface is used for outputting fourbalance-to-unbalance transformed signals; and a frequency-mixing circuitunit, which is capable of generating an intermediate-frequency signal bymixing the output balance-to-unbalance transformed signals from thefirst balun circuit unit and the second balun circuit unit; wherein inintegrated circuit layout, the first balun circuit unit and the secondbalun circuit unit are each constructed on a plurality of distributedtransmission lines whose layout patterns are based on a double spiraltopology.
 2. The miniaturized dual-balanced mixer circuit of claim 1,wherein the first input signal is a carrier signal in the frequencyrange from 25 GHz to 45 GHz.
 3. The miniaturized dual-balanced mixercircuit of claim 1, wherein the first balun circuit unit is constructedon a multilayer substrate.
 4. The miniaturized dual-balanced mixercircuit of claim 3, wherein the multilayer substrate is a double-layersubstrate for layout of the transmission lines in two layers forconstruction of a dual Marchand balun circuit architecture.
 5. Theminiaturized dual-balanced mixer circuit of claim 4, wherein thetransmission lines include quarter-wavelength microstrip lines.
 6. Theminiaturized dual-balanced mixer circuit of claim 3, wherein themultilayer substrate is a double-layer GaAs substrate used for 0.15 μmpHEMT (Pseudomorphic High Electron Mobility Transistor) fabrication. 7.The miniaturized dual-balanced mixer circuit of claim 1, wherein thesecond balun circuit unit is constructed on a multilayer substrate. 8.The miniaturized dual-balanced mixer circuit of claim 7, wherein themultilayer substrate is a double-layer substrate for layout of aplurality of transmission lines arranged to form a dual Marchand baluncircuit architecture.
 9. The miniaturized dual-balanced mixer circuit ofclaim 8, wherein the transmission lines include quarter-wavelengthmicrostrip lines.
 10. The miniaturized dual-balanced mixer circuit ofclaim 7, wherein the multilayer substrate is a double-layer GaAssubstrate used for 0.15 μm pHEMT (Pseudomorphic High Electron MobilityTransistor) fabrication.
 11. The miniaturized dual-balanced mixercircuit of claim 1, wherein the frequency-mixing circuit unit is basedon a diode-switched circuit architecture.
 12. The miniaturizeddual-balanced mixer circuit of claim 1, wherein the frequency-mixingcircuit unit is based on a transistor-switched circuit architecture. 13.A miniaturized dual-balanced mixer circuit having a first input port forreceiving a first input signal, a second input port for receiving asecond input signal, and an output port for outputting anintermediate-frequency signal which is a mixed version of the firstinput signal and the second input signal; the miniaturized dual-balancedmixer circuit comprising: a first balun circuit unit, which has asingle-port input interface and a four-port output interface, wherein hesingle-port input interface is connected to the first input port forreceiving the first input signal, while the four-port output interfaceis used for outputting four balance-to-unbalance transformed signals; asecond balun circuit unit, which has a single-port input interface and afour-port output interface, wherein the single-port input interface isconnected to the second input port for receiving the second inputsignal, while the four-port output interface is used for outputting fourbalance-to-unbalance transformed signals; and a frequency-mixing circuitunit of a diode-switched type, which is capable of generating anintermediate-frequency signal by mixing the output balance-to-unbalancetransformed signals from the first balun circuit unit and the secondbalun circuit unit; wherein in integrated circuit layout, the firstbalun circuit unit and the second balun circuit unit are eachconstructed on a plurality of distributed transmission lines whoselayout patterns are based on a double spiral topology.
 14. Theminiaturized dual-balanced mixer circuit of claim 13, wherein the firstinput signal is a carrier signal in the frequency range from 25 GHz to45 GHz.
 15. The miniaturized dual-balanced mixer circuit of claim 13,wherein the first balun circuit unit and the second balun circuit unitare each constructed on a multilayer substrate for layout of thetransmission lines in two layers for construction of a dual Marchandbalun circuit architecture.
 16. The miniaturized dual-balanced mixercircuit of claim 15, wherein the transmission lines includequarter-wavelength microstrip lines.
 17. The miniaturized dual-balancedmixer circuit of claim 15, wherein the multilayer substrate is adouble-layer GaAs substrate used for 0.15 μm pHEMT (Pseudomorphic HighElectron Mobility Transistor) fabrication.
 18. A miniaturizeddual-balanced mixer circuit having a first input port for receiving afirst input signal, a second input port for receiving a second inputsignal, and an output port for outputting an intermediate-frequencysignal which is a mixed version of the first input signal and the secondinput signal; the miniaturized dual-balanced mixer circuit comprising: afirst balun circuit unit, which has a single-port input interface and afour-port output interface, wherein he single-port input interface isconnected to the first input port for receiving the first input signal,while the four-port output interface is used for outputting fourbalance-to-unbalance transformed signals; a second balun circuit unit,which has a single-port input interface and a four-port outputinterface, wherein the single-port input interface is connected to thesecond input port for receiving the second input signal, while thefour-port output interface is used for outputting fourbalance-to-unbalance transformed signals; and a frequency-mixing circuitunit of a transistor-switched type, which is capable of generating anintermediate-frequency signal by mixing the output balance-to-unbalancetransformed signals from the first balun circuit unit and the secondbalun circuit unit; wherein in integrated circuit layout, the firstbalun circuit unit and the second balun circuit unit are eachconstructed on a plurality of distributed transmission lines whoselayout patterns are based on a double spiral topology.
 19. Theminiaturized dual-balanced mixer circuit of claim 18, wherein the firstinput signal is a carrier signal in the frequency range from 25 GHz to45 GHz.
 20. The miniaturized dual-balanced mixer circuit of claim 18,wherein the first balun circuit unit and the second balun circuit unitare each constructed on a multilayer substrate for layout of thetransmission lines in two layers for construction of a dual Marchandbalun circuit architecture.
 21. The miniaturized dual-balanced mixercircuit of claim 20, wherein the transmission lines includequarter-wavelength microstrip lines.
 22. The miniaturized dual-balancedmixer circuit of claim 20, wherein the multilayer substrate is adouble-layer GaAs substrate used for 0.15 μm pHEMT (Pseudomorphic HighElectron Mobility Transistor) fabrication.